Freedom And Freedom In Kate Chopins The Story Of An Hour

â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, a powerful short story to express the pursuit of freedom from one woman’s perspective. In this story, Kate Chopin creates a female character who has been suffering from heart disease and can’t handle too much shock in her life. A story about an unfortunate woman who receives her husband’s death news accidently. To express an idea of women’s freedom, the story is based on how she reacts to the news of her husband’s death and how her mind changed during the ordeal with the bad news. Chopin uses a bad news to start her story, the death news of Mr. Mallard plays an important role to develop the story. As a turning point of this story, how does Mrs. Mallard think about her husband’s death? She sees it as a window†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, the shift of Mrs. Mallard’s emotion is the key to interprets her eager to access freedom of this article. The processes of emotion shifting of Mrs. Mal lard, can show how she think about the death news of her husband and her fantasy of freedom. The structure of this story also help author to promote her idea, this short story begins with a fake death news of Mr. Mallard, which misinterpreted by Richard, a friend of the main character’s husband. According to some mentionable details of the beginning, we can figure out the author plans the different clues very delicately. For example, the author describes Mrs. Mallard suffering the pain from the heart disease, which makes she couldn’t deal with the overwhelming new in her life. Secondly, the author also leaks a crucial detail about the death news of Mr. Mallard, that the news has been processed hastily by Richard. In my view, the two details above are the key to help the author to develop the whole story; also, it shows what structure the author uses, to tell the whole story. On the other side, the clues and storytelling of the whole story is the hint, which lead us to Mrs. Mallard’s death toward freedom. The whole story is straightforward, but the author uses a delicate structure to put the whole story together. Although the story is short, the information is vast in this case. In the beginning, the author writes about the heart disease ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on Freedom in Kate Chopins The Story of An Hour1087 Words   |  5 PagesFreedom in Kate Chopins The Story of An Hour In Kate Chopins The Story of An Hour the theme is found within the concept of how someone can be trapped in a repressive, unsatisfying reality because of anothers thoughtless oppression and manipulation. When combined with the contemporary societys beliefs --- presumably the later half of the 19th century for this story -- a further understanding of Chopins thoughts and feelings can be realized. Mrs. Louise Mallard, the victim and messengerRead More Freedom and Kate Chopins Story of an Hour Essay1668 Words   |  7 PagesFreedom and The Story Of An Hour      Ã‚  Ã‚   When I first read Kate Chopins The Story Of An Hour, my instinctual response was to sympathize with the character of Mrs. Mallard.   This seemed to me to have been intended by the author because the story follows her emotional path from the original shock upon hearing of her husbands supposed death to her gradual acceptance of the joy she feels in anticipating her new freedom to the irony of her own sudden death.   However, one fact cannot beRead More Discovering Freedom in Kate Chopin’s The Story of an Hour Essay589 Words   |  3 PagesDiscovering Freedom in Kate Chopin’s The Story of an Hour As humans, we live our life within the boundaries of our belief systems and moral guidelines. Yet, one unexpected event can suddenly knock us out of our comfort zone and thrust us into a completely different arena. Such is the case of the central character in Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour.† Louise Mallard, upon hearing the news of her husband’s tragic death then subsequent revelation of its fallacy, finds herself quickly movingRead More Essay on the Death of Freedom in Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour919 Words   |  4 PagesDeath of Freedom in The Story of an Hour In Kate Chopin’s short story, The Story of an Hour, we are told that Mrs. Mallard, the main character, has a heart condition. Then Mrs. Mallard’s sister, Josephine, tells her Mr. Mallard died in a railroad disaster. At the end of the story, Mrs. Mallard dies when her husband suddenly walks through the door. The doctor says that Mrs. Mallard died of heart disease—of joy that kills (Chopin 27). Some people may agree with the doctor’s diagnosisRead More Essay on the Search for Freedom in Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour595 Words   |  3 PagesSearch for Freedom in The Story of an Hournbsp;nbsp; nbsp; In the early 1900s, marriage was comparable to a master-and-slave relationship.nbsp; The role of the woman in the marriage was minimal.nbsp; The woman’s place was in the house, caring for the children, cleaning the house, and doing other â€Å"womanly† tasks.nbsp; Chained to their husbands, marriage became prison to many women; the only means of breaking free from these bonds being the death of a husband.nbsp; In Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The StoryRead MoreThe Unique Style Of Kate Chopin s Writing1603 Words   |  7 PagesThe unique style of Kate Chopin’s writing has influenced and paved the way for many female authors. Although not verbally, Kate Chopin aired political and social issues affecting women and challenging the validity of such restrictions through fiction. Kate Chopin, a feminist in her time, prevailed against the notion that a woman’s purpose was to only be a housewife and nothing more. Kate Chopin fortified the importance of women empower ment, self-expression, self-assertion, and female sexuality throughRead MoreThe Life and Works of Kate Chopin1569 Words   |  6 PagesKate wrote two novels and hundreds of short stories. Few of her stories were â€Å"Story of an Hour† and â€Å"The Awakening†. One of Kate Chopins most famous stories is the Story of an Hour. In the story Chopin was brave enough to challenge the society in which she lived because in the first half of the 19th century, women were not allowed the freedoms men enjoyed in the judgments of the law, the church or the government. This famous short story showed the conflict between the social traditional requirementsRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1540 Words   |  7 PagesIn Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, the main character, Mrs. Louise Mallard, is a woman with a heart problem that gets horrifying news that her husband has passed away in a train crash. When she starts thinking about her freedom, she g ets excited; she is happy to start her new, free life. However, a few hours later her husband walks in the door and she finds out it was all a mistake. When she realizes her freedom is gone her heart stop and she then dies. In â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† Desiree is an orphanedRead MoreKate Chopin, An American Writer1425 Words   |  6 PagesKate Chopin, an American writer, known for her vivid portrayals of women’s lives during the late 1800s. Her fiction works usually set in Louisiana, which contributed too much of her description of women’s roles. During Chopin’s time, Louisiana was in the midst of reconstruction and was having racial and economic issues. (Skaggs 4) Louisiana is the setting for many of Chopin’s stories, and they depict a realistic picture of Louisiana society. Kate Chopin published two novels and many short storiesRead MoreKate Chopin s The Yellow Wallpaper1415 Words   |  6 PagesVictorian era were Kate Chopin and Charlotte P erkins Gilman. The Victorian era brought out many different themes of freedom, confinement, and inequity. The Victorian themes can be seen in Kate Chopin’s writing called, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s writing called, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† There are many similarities and differences between both Victorian women’s perspectives and writing. This paper will compare and contrast the short stories written by Kate Chopin and Charlotte

Elements of Magical Realism and Sublime in Toads Mouth...

Elements of Magical Realism and Sublime in Toads Mouth Toads Mouth is a short story written by Isabel Allende in 1989. She has lived in Chili for most of her life, but she was born in Lima, Peru. Her father was a diplomat in Peru, but when her parents divorced, Allendes mother took her back to Santiago, Chili, to live with her grandparents. She wrote her first novel, The House of Spirits, around 1981. It became an international best seller. After reading Toads Mouth, I believe that magical realism and sublime literature have many things in common. Like magical realism, sublime literature has magical and realistic elements. Most of the magical elements in this story seem to fit into the sublime category.†¦show more content†¦Some of the sublime elements also seem to be realists elements. The people and sheep are realistic. The description of the land paints a picture in a persons mind that seems very real. Lust, loneliness, and other feelings or emotions that the people experience are realistic elements. Hermelindas occupation as a prostitute also brings realism to the story. The sublime elements in Toads Mouth are very significant. The land and vast number of sheep show how large the world is and how small a person is in comparison to it. Later in the story, an Asturian named Pablo appeared...by then Hermelinda had accumulated a small fortune, but the idea of retiring to a more conventional life had never occurred to her (86). Pablo managed to win her game called Toads Mouth, and her life changed. He seized Hermelindas hand and pulled her to her feet, prepared to prove in his two hours that she could not do without him (87). They went into another room while the rest of the men stood around checking their watches. Three hours went by, four, the whole night; morning dawned and the bells rang for work, and still the door did not open. At noon the lovers emerged (87). When they came out of the room, they walked outside mounted their horses, and set off together with Hermelinda leaving her old life behind (88). She made a vague wave of farewell to her desola te admirers, then

References for Motivation Free Essays

Allen, R. S. ; White, C. We will write a custom essay sample on References for Motivation or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. (2002). Equity sensitivity theory: A test of responses to two types of under-reward situations: JMI JMI. Journal of Managerial Issues. 14 (4), 435-451. Buchanan, D. A. ; Huczynski, A. A. (2010). Organizational Behaviour. 7th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. 819. Fadil, P. A. ; Williams, R. J. ; Limpaphayom, W. ; Smatt, C. (2005). Equity or Equality? A Conceptual Examination of the Influence of Individualism/Collectivism on the Cross-Cultural Application of Equity Theory. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal. 12 (4), 17-35. Gambrel, P. A; Cianci, R. (2003). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Does It Apply In A Collectivist Culture. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship. 8 (2), 143-161. Huseman, R. C. ; Hatfield, J. D. ; Miles, E. W. (1987). A New Perspective on Equity Theory: The Equity Sensitivity Construct. The Academy of Management Review. 12 (2), 222-234. Robbins, S. P. ; Judge, T. A. ; Campbell, T. T. (2010). Organizational Behaviour. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. 589. Sadri, G. ; Bowen, R. Clarke. (2011). Meeting EMPLOYEE requirements: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is still a reliable guide to motivating staff. Industrial Engineer: IE. 3 (10), 44-48. Sheldrake, J. (2003). Management Theory. 2nd ed. Derby: Thomson Learning. 257. Shore, T. H. (2004). Equity sensitivity theory: do we all want more than we deserve?. Journal of Managerial Psychology. 19 (7), 722-728. Steers, R. M. ; Mowday, R. T. ; Shapiro, D. L.. (2004). Introduction to Special Topic Forum: The Future of Work Motivation Theory. The Academy of M anagement Review. 29 (3), 379-387. Wahba, M. A. ; Bridwell, L. G.. (1976). Maslow Reconsidered: A Review of Research on the Need Hierarchy Theory. Organizational behaviour and human performance. 15 (1), 212-240. How to cite References for Motivation, Papers

Enhanced interrogation free essay sample

Enhanced interrogation due to the war on terrorism from iraq was ineffective because these techniques would lead to the United States losing ties with certain nations, it led to possible retaliation of other nations, and Obama to make the Detainee Treatment Act. The thin line between right and wrong is stretched on the issue of enhanced terrorism as a tool to stop the war on terrorism, but at what cost is the United States government willing to go, sacrificing the welling being of americans, and american relations with other countries. Enhanced interrogation isnt enhancing the United States interests, as the war on terrorism continues the United States have gone to all lengths to stop it but has it gone to far in the new technique of enhanced interrogation. Former vice president Dick Cheney makes claims that had it not been for the actions taken further attacks agents the United States would have been made (Bergen), Cheney continues with if only americans could see the top secret information I was given access to then their minds would have changed (Bergen). We will write a custom essay sample on Enhanced interrogation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Yet by using this new technique the government has put the lives of American citizens at risk of other nations retaliating to the actions made. Abu Zubaydan whom was the first detainee to be subject to the new enhanced interrogation techniques is a perfect example of this back firing on the government. Zubayden was subject to extreme weather conditions, stripped of his humanity and water-boarded 83 times (Bergen) only to realize Zubaydan had none of the information the government wanted and the United Stated was forced to return him. A huge red target on the United Sated back for torturing a man with unjust causes. After this case had occurred during the Bush administration it was called into question the actions of authority figures, John Brennan current chief of counterterrorism advisor is being promoted after allegations that Brennan sat idly by as men were being tortured (Prasow) should Brennan be held accountable for the actions taken or be counted amount the ranks of unassuming heroes? (Prasow). Having this debate occur shows a weakness in our governments decision making which ultimately makes the United States as a whole look week. The behavior of one man should not be rewarded when Brennan has committed actions that is had not had the title he holds would be deamed a crime that must be punished. The interrogation practices that the CIA used had long been considered illegal (Prasow) using this is going to increase the determination of our enemies and decrease other nations willingness to cooperate with the United States leaving the country venerable to further attacks with no backup. Finally because of both actions occurring President Obama passed the Detainee Treatment Act in 2005 and completely banned enhanced interrogation making the fedral goverment suspend their use of interogation techniques (Terrorism).

Defining and explaining the historic significance of Zheng He, Zaibatsu, and Tonghak Rebellion

Zheng He was a Muslim Chinese explorer, court eunuch, and fleet admiral. He commanded ambitious voyages to various countries between 1405 and 1433. Serving as a court eunuch in the Chinese capital, Zheng He helped Zhu Yuanzhang conquer the Yuan Dynasty. Similarly, during a coup, Zheng He assisted Zhu Di, son of Zhu Yuanzhang, gain the throne.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Defining and explaining the historic significance of Zheng He, Zaibatsu, and Tonghak Rebellion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In reward, he received dominion over the Chinese Navy. Zheng He led a huge fleet to Southeast Asia, which carried soldiers and huge quantity of goods. The fleet arrived at countries of East Africa, Arabia, and Southeast Asia, initiating an achievement in navigation history, which was considered an exceptional great historical epoch in Chinese account of cultural exchanges and trade. Zaibatsu refers to the special finance capital within Japanese capitalism for the epoch preceding World War II. They comprised of large financial and industrial conglomerates within Japan. They remain significant as the core of industrial and economic activity in the Japanese Empire. The zaibatsu emerged from the policies of entrepreneurism of the Meiji government, which typified modernization of economy during the period. The private enterprises came together into large complexes directed by government bureaucrats into sectors of development essential for Japan’s reform. The Tonghak Rebellion was an anti-feudal and anti-government uprising in Southern Korea in 1894. The peasant class was protesting against the corrupt government manifest in Korea during the era. The Tonghak Rebellion remains significant owing to its ability to attract a huge population of Koreans to make demands and force change. It was the catalyst of the Sino-Japanese war occurring between 1894 and 1895. Equally, it is significant as t he largest renowned uprising in the Korean history that presaged the Righteous Army Movement. China in decline The Qing dynasty experienced revitalization before suffering a systemic crisis. It enjoyed more than a century of prosperity. During the eighteenth century, China was a strong nation with the leading gross domestic product in the universe. By the end of the eighteenth century, China’s agriculture had vastly developed, and its foreign trade was huge. Similarly, owing to a long phase of peaceful development, the Chinese society became prosperous, improving people’s lives significantly. However, the early Qing dynasty marked a period of prosperity that would not go on for long. The mighty empire collapsed in 1911 owing to interplay between external and internal factors (Liu 3).Advertising Looking for assessment on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More External factors Between 1840 and 1911, China experienc ed dramatic changes, losing its superiority to the industrialized western nations (Wang 36). At the time when China was struggling with major problems, industrialization was enhancing the development of western powers. On reaching China, the rapidly developing western powers took advantage of China, thus weakening it. The weakness of the Chinese society became fatal after the hostile and expanding western powers challenged it. Traditional China’s agricultural economy proved incompetent to compete with the industrial economy. The traditional Chinese society’s stable social order appeared quite vulnerable when the imperialist aggressions invaded it. Consequently, the conventional Chinese culture became powerless owing to the challenges emerging from the hostile greedy capitalist cultures. Most external challenges to China’s security emerged from the nomadic populations of the north. In 1839, the British Navy caught the Qing rulers by surprise attacking Chinaâ€⠄¢s southern coast. The most shocking and severe foreign challenge emerged from the Japanese military during the Sino-Japanese War. Japan defeated the Qing Empire because it was newly modernized, better equipped, and better organized. Internal factors Among the internal factors are the political aspects, such as inefficient emperors, administrative inefficiency within the government, and lack of a capable Manchu leadership. By the nineteenth century, the Qing government had deteriorated significantly in terms of control and power. During the leadership of the Ch’ing emperor, governance within Peking was effectual only if the leader was a capable man. However, during the nineteenth century, there did not emerge a great Ch’ing royal leader. The leaders who rose to power encouraged serious corruption. The high government officials received tokens from the low officials. Instead of using this money for government projects, the high officials pocketed it. Accordingly, the C hinese citizens were obliged to pay huge taxes, thus suffering economically. Because of lack of a capable leader to supervise government officials, the officials became incompetent. In this context, the political structure was accountable for demoralizing energetic action within the administration. Consequently, the incompetent high government officials elected ineffectual low officials. Thus, the detrimental effects of incompetence spread downward.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Defining and explaining the historic significance of Zheng He, Zaibatsu, and Tonghak Rebellion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For more than a century, China enjoyed great prosperity, which led to an immense population growth. The lengthy period of peace contributed to a rapid increase in China’s populace. However, by the end of the nineteenth century, the Chinese agrarian economy could not support the exploding population . Equally, cultivable land was scarce, and it remained concentrated to the powerful landowners. Regardless of the dearth in land, the law forbade people to shift to Manchuna as well as to other sectors outside China. In this perspective, citizens did not merely suffer from land scarcity but also from job scarcity. China did not have great industrial development to take in the rising workforce, and to augment the citizen’s standard of living. Hence, the food supply and the utilization of natural resources seemed to reach its limits. Accordingly, overpopulation led to poverty, which in turn resulted into social suffering and rebellions. Between 1851 and 1864, China faced a peasant rebellion that led to establishment of the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace. The confrontation between the peasant rebels and the Qing army resulted in massive loss of life as well as vast material destruction. Consequently, the resources, and legitimacy of the Qing leadership encountered severe strain . The Korean War Nature of the war The conflict leading to the Korean War had its genesis during the Cold War. The conflict affected the relations between the democratic and the communist nations. Hence, the Korean War signified the conflict between the communists and the non-communists in Korea between 1950 and 12953. As the Second World War ended, Korea was split into two zones, namely South Korea and North Korea, at the 38th parallel. In 1948, these two sectors established rival governments. The South proclaimed the Republic of Korea while the North proclaimed People’s Democratic Republic of Korea. Relations between the two forces increasingly strained with North Korea invading South Korea in 1950. Numerous soldiers from North Korean Army flowed across the boundary, which divided South Korea and North Korea. The United Nations censured the invasion and demanded removal of North Koreans from the south. Accordingly, the United Nations urged its members to offer support to So uth Korea. While American troops joined the war in aid of South Korea, Chinese forces joined the war to support North Korea. Consequently, heavy fighting continued up to 1952. The greatest fear was of a wider war with China and Russia, or even Third World War. Nevertheless, in 1953, the Korean War ended. The aftermath is evident up to today as the Korean peninsula remains divided to date.Advertising Looking for assessment on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Causes of the war The augmenting concern of communism as well as the anticipated amalgamation of South Korea and North Korea triggered the Korean War. Previously, only Korea had occupied the Korean peninsula. However, various diverse dynasties, as well as the Chinese and the Japanese ruled it. As the Second World War neared its end, the Soviet Union stated war on Japan, thereafter occupying the north of Korean peninsula. By the time the war was ending, Korea was split into southern and northern divisions. The Soviet Union took control over the northern division while the United States administered the southern division. The partition formed the basis for conflicts because the northern division followed the Soviet Union and became communist, and the south opposed communism, thus forming an anti-communist government. The communist side, comprising of China, North Korea, and the Soviet Union, wanted to seize the Korean Peninsula and assimilate it in the communist bloc. While the Soviet set upon expanding communism, the United States endeavored at eradicating it. There arose conflict between the supporters and the non-supporters of communism. Consequently, with China and the Soviet Union supporting North Korea, fighting between southern and northern Korea became common and eventually the Korean War emerged. Since 1904, Japan had occupied Korea. Hence, the great allies, the United States and the Soviet Union, declared that Korea would be free and independent. They agreed that the United States take up southern Korea while the Soviet Union takes up northern Korea with the aim of disarming the Japanese. This resulted into a divided Korea, which laid foundation for conflict between South and North Korea. Politically, the Soviet Union deemed the Korean peninsula as a springboard to invade Russia, and declared that the Korean government should remain loyal to the Soviet Union. Owing to this policy as well as strategic position, the Soviet military administration in nort hern Korea declined any initiative of establishing a single Korean government. The leader of North Korea, Kim I1-sung, took advantage of this and asked for the Soviet support in North Korean forces. With Soviet Union’s full support, Kim I1-sung enjoyed better-equipped, better-armed, and well-prepared forces. Hence, he used them to attack South Korea. Effects of the war The Korean War had economic effects in both North and South Korea. North Korea has since endured chronic economic crisis and thus suffers intense poverty. The Stalinist administration in the north is on the verge of moving outside its hermit state. In South Korea, however, the war brought great economic transformation. South Korea has grown into a high-tech economy. The war resulted in numerous casualties. Many people, ranging from military to civilians, were killed and wounded. About 40,000 of the American service members lost their lives in the battle. Although the definite figures of the North Korea, South K orea, and Chinese casualties are unknown, an estimate of 100,000 South Korean soldiers was wounded and 46,000 was killed. The Chinese lost an estimate of 400,000 soldiers, and North Korea lost approximately 215,000 soldiers. Works Cited Liu, Guoli. Politics and government in China. California: ABC-CLIO, 2012. Print. Wang, Gabe. China and the Taiwan issue: incoming war at Taiwan Strait. Oxford: University Press of America, 2006. Print. This assessment on Defining and explaining the historic significance of Zheng He, Zaibatsu, and Tonghak Rebellion was written and submitted by user Princeton M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Décorer - to Decorate - French Verb Conjugations

Dà ©corer - to Decorate - French Verb Conjugations The  French verb  dà ©corer means to decorate. Find the conjugations of this regular -er verb in the tables below. Conjugations of Dà ©corer Present Future Imperfect Present participle je dcore dcorerai dcorais dcorant tu dcores dcoreras dcorais il dcore dcorera dcorait nous dcorons dcorerons dcorions vous dcorez dcorerez dcoriez ils dcorent dcoreront dcoraient Pass compos Auxiliary verb avoir Past participle dcor Subjunctive Conditional Pass simple Imperfect subjunctive je dcore dcorerais dcorai dcorasse tu dcores dcorerais dcoras dcorasses il dcore dcorerait dcora dcort nous dcorions dcorerions dcormes dcorassions vous dcoriez dcoreriez dcortes dcorassiez ils dcorent dcoreraient dcorrent dcorassent Imperative (tu) dcore (nous) dcorons (vous) dcorez Verb conjugation pattern Dà ©corer is a regular -ER verb

Carl Jung Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Carl Jung - Essay Example When these processes are considered irrelevant, that is when mental sickness is believe to happen. Carl is the pioneer of modern psychology, along with Alfred Adler and Freud. He is a master of several disciplines from art to theology to modern physics. Jung’s work on Collective Unconsciousness forms the basis of word association tests as well as Meyers-Briggs personality tests. He was an inexhaustible writer; his famous works include The Psychology of the Unconscious (1912) and Psychological Types (1921). (NNDB, 2012) As Jung approached his adolescence, he focused his attention on zoology, religion, paleontology, medicine and psychology. On getting into the Basel University, in 1895, his primary focus became medicine. Throughout his university life, he also became thrilled by the growing science of psychiatry. He became an assistant physician at the Mental Hospital of Burgholzli in Zurich in 1990. He worked under the course of renowned Eugen Bleuler, whose leading work in the meadow of schizophrenia predicted that psychological imbalances arose not only from the occurrence of conflicting desires and beliefs inside the psyche, along with the physical weakening of the brain. Pierre Janet was a source of influence for Carl as he studied under Janet’s supervision in a seminar in Paris. The detailed report that Janet produced with the assistance from Carl gave the idea that distressing incidents produce influential emotionally charged beliefs which, even though pushed out of conscious evoke or totally forgotten, often persistent to apply a commanding pressure on the individual’s behaviors and emotions for quite a few years. (Cherry) Combining the work of Janet and Bleuler, Jung started to derive a novel theory of the unconscious mind processes that were the reason for establishing significantly parallel to that being concurrently equal to work of Sigmund Freud. Jung’s theories were exclusively his own and were a part of a novel psycholog y, in which this psyche was seen as a lively growth-oriented body balanced between two complementary and powerful drives: the uniformly significant drive towards making a harmonious, coherent incorporation of all the inside aspects of self (integration), and the desire to learn and implement new viewpoints (differentiation). The basic concept that became the basis of Jung’s later work and theory was the conversion of mandala-type view of body and soul. But, on a temporary basis the persona in the outside world is self predicted complicated, complex and opponent. (Boeree, 2006) Edifying on Janet and Blueler, and later comprise Freud, Jung had the premise that good expression and amalgamation of the complicated, co-dependent constituents within the bigger self was frequently short-circuited by familial or social conditioning and distressing events, suppressing the natural drives of an individual. The outcome was different degrees of mental illness in the outline of deep patholo gical psychosis or immobilizing neurosis. When Jung discovered the complicated cases as internal schism during his time at Burgholzli , he was better able to develop his theory in this time period. Subsequently, as a chief physician, he broadened his horizon and developed partnerships with word association researchers to better comprehend and revive the experience of

Prcis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Prcis - Essay Example e in the industrialized world, people are growing more dependent on new gadgets, the notion of perpetual growth, chemically fertilized food and drugs that are synthesized chemically. The letter also warns that the present generations are wrongly informed that using fossil energy without consideration for the future is normal. It is shown that the problem with the current use of energy is that more energy is spent to put the technologies in place than is actually produced by the technologies. The realization by governments and politicians that fossil energy is exhaustible is what has led to enmity between high consumers of energy and the supplying nations, often culminating in military aggression and economic depression. Present generations are adviced that turning to solar energy is the best way to guarantee continuous, non-exhaustible energy, but also warned that solar energy cannot support the entire requirements of people that are virtually dependent on energy for livelihoods. Then, the cutting down of ancient forests must stop and the anti-biotech, anti-nuclear, conservation and organic food gardening movements stepped up. On the other hand, Bob Holmes’ Earth without Humans portrays humans as the earth’s most predominant species and imagines what the planet would be like without them. For example, the average eco-footprint, in terms of hectares, is placed at 9.7 for a single US citizen (Holmes 39). Humans have consumed over one third of the planet’s land surface for pastures, farmland and cities in slightly over a few thousand years. The results are messy and include chemical pollution, nuclear waste, mass extinctions, invasive species, drained aquifers, razed forests and, most significantly, the threatening specter of climate change. The document suggests that the earth’s outlook would start getting better once humans are removed from the picture. For instance, 18.7 percent of the earth’s surface would be rescued from the present effects of light

Drama Essay, Riders to the Sea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Drama , Riders to the Sea - Essay Example In the end, she is left with only enough strength to stumble into her grave. Though painful and lacerating, Maurya’s suffering has been worthwhile. Her ultimate recognition of pain, and her acceptance of death as the irrevocable end of human existence does not compensate for her losses; but certainly, it  makes the losses appear meaningless in a broad human context: the  knowledge of life is available only to those  who have been chastened and purified by suffering. Maurya in the end negates life and accepts the ravages of the death. She becomes a stoic. She becomes a universal figure who can induce others to acquire â€Å"calm of mind, all passion spent†. This purgation of emotion comes after experience (Milton, 87). Death is undoubtedly a universal phenomenon but that should not mean one should be pessimistic about life. She is merely an old woman in a family of fishers on the barren and windswept Aran Island. The poor and illiterate Maurya is taught and enriched only by her experience. Her life has been marked by a series of bereavements. Her husband, father-in-law and all her six sons perish in the sea. When the play opens, we find her almost at the nadir of psychological setback. Michael has been missing for nine days and is possibly dead. Maurya is restless and laments continually. The readers find her confronting the mysteries of the unknown from whose bounds no traveler returns. Her sorrows and lamentations over Michael’s death is a poignant picture of loss and misery. She has acquired a strange, almost uncanny knowledge of premonitions. For years, she has looked at the sea and the sky, trying to figure out the set of the wind and the timings of the tide. For years, she has knocked at the doors of the impenetrable mystery of death, weeping and praying, This continuous mourning has taugh t her a few secrets to bear the misery of suffering and death if not champion them. Therefore, when Nora reports that the young priest has told her that

The History Of Travel Agencies

The History Of Travel Agencies Travel agencies exist mainly as intermediaries among suppliers of travel services such as carriers and hotels, and customers. Travel agencies do not deal with tangible products but with information where it is different from other distributors in many industries (Cheung Lam, 2009). As for the travel agent it is best defined as an individual who undertakes a work for another individual, who is being the principal. The principal in such an affiliation not only sets the aims of the work, such as selling tickets, however can also control the means and way in which the work is completed (Cheung Lam, 2009). Cheung Lam (2009) added that modifications in the business over the past ten years have affectedly changed the environment and significance of info in the travel industry and, subsequently, the role of travel agency. Lately, the technology advancement has brought changes in tourism industry. Why did the Internet so affectedly affect the travel industry? What impact do the changes have on travelers? (Harrell Associates, 2002). The Internet has revolutionized the method in which customers make their travel choices (Anon, 2012). Customers nowadays have several additional selections because the Internet offers providers additional chances to generate direct customer relations and allows a varied range of pricing (Harrell Associates, 2002). The Internet offers an influential atmosphere for the conception of virtual representations of tourism destinations permitting indirect experience that really exceeds the potentials of traditional travel agents (Bogdanovych, Berger, Simoff Sierra, 2005). Currently the Internet is the perfect connection among customers and dealers, over hundreds of websites, travelers have sufficient information for their travel preparation (Ortega, 2008). According to Travel Indus try Association of America (TIA) over 75 million online travelers used the Internet for their travel planning such as to look for places to stay, rental car prices, also searching for maps and driving directions, searching for airfares and schedules and other information about tourist destinations (Ortega, 2008). According to Ortega (2008), he said that the travel planning and booking on the Web are among the greatest popular online activities in best important e-commerce markets and online travel sales are rising at an explosive amount (over $115 billion this year) in the US, Europe and the Asia-Pacific regions. Therefore, because of the growing of the e-commerce in the tourism industry, the tourists have numerous selections provided by the Internet to obtain online, in the ease of their houses or offices, touristic services and products (Ortega, 2008). Furthermore, the Internet assists to locate low prices in tourist services such as air tickets and hotel rooms. In conclusion, it offers tourists a remarkable total of information to make an exclusive trip. According to Vrana (2010), she claimed that a main forte to travel agencies is the capability to offer personal information and assistance to tourists endlessly, along with consultancy service for corporations and will keep on secure if their advice-offering ability remained supported by the existence of the Internet. Even though there are many online travel services, a traditional travel agent is as far a vital part of the trip as ease is to traveling! (Will, 2012). The travel industry is comprised of over a dozen related industries: airlines, restaurants, hotels/motels, travel agencies, gift shops, auto rentals, and a host of other businesses that may not be even recognized their dependence on travel and tourism since travelers are usually indistinguishable from local customers (Cheung Lam, 2009). Will (2012) also stated that, the part of a travel agent has remained growing with the eras and currently most people are reliant on them for fulfilling most of their travel plans so tha t they can rest calmly and just relish their trip. This study aims to examine the factors involves in sustaining travel agencys operation in order to survive in this tourism industry and evaluate their performance or sales of travel agency that can affected by the uses of technology such as Internet. 1.1 RESEARCH ISSUES Tourism has become the second largest economy contributor after manufacturing. One of the factors that contributes to the boom of tourism market is the advancement of technology. Travel industry are comprises of variety related industries, such as airlines, travel agencies, restaurants, hotel/motel and more (Cheung Lam, 2009). More or less, each of the related industry will get at least a little impact from the technology advancement, notably these travel agencies. There is some research that indicates that tourism product is popular to be bought through online (Nysveen Lexhagen, 2001). Online tourism has grown rapidly as the consumer nowadays are using the advancement of technology to acquire information and also purchasing tourism products and services (Dixit, Belwal Singh, n.d). There are many reasons why consumer tends to choose Internet as one their medium in purchasing tourism product and services. One of it is Internet are giving them cost-saving convenience (Cheung Lam, 2009). Cost-saving convenience means that there are no efforts required for the consumer to spend their time and money to seek for information needed about a certain package. Some of the consumers also choosing Internet rather than looking for travel agencies because of the flexibility that Internet has to offer. The consumer are seeking flexible tourism product to suit their travel needs (Harris Duckworth, 2005). Based on their research, the consumers buying pattern recently has change rapidly to independent travel from the typical package holiday. To support this statement, they are adapting a research done by Mintel, in UK independent travel has conquered the travel market in 2004 with 55%. The other reason why consumers tend to choose Internet over travel agencies is because of online experience has greater potential in visualizing travel destinations (Bogdanovych, Berger, Simoff Sierra, n.d). They also stated that online technology offers 3D interactive tours that can deliver clearer image on the destination. Interactive videos can also be shown online without interrupting other customers. Based on a study done by Daugherty, Hairong Biocca (2005) which they wanted to get consumers reaction on the product presentation method. The two choices are indirect experience (virtual presentation), and direct experience (direct product manipulation). The results proved that, product knowledge and decision quality made by the consumer are both significantly higher when they are exposed to interactive 3D products than to static products presented in a form-based way. Despite from all the factors, travel agencies which are at stake need to survive in order to sustain their spot in the travel industry. They have to differentiate themselves more than what technology advancement has to offer. Based on the statement of research problem, we want to conduct a research on how travel agencies can sustain their operation. There are a few factors that make travel agencies can sustain themselves in tourism industry in Malaysia. These factors can determine the sales of the travel agencies because the trade travel agency community has sustained substantial losses due to the mutual effect of the growth of Internet (Cole, 2009) 1.2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM Generally, in real world, an increasing competition from other channel had caused the number of traditional travel agents nearly decrease (Buhalis, 2003). The Internet is changing the industrys structure and the consumers behavior. Widely used of technology in tourism industry has affect the operation of the travel agencies in Malaysia. The usage of Internet by travelers has decreased the number of travel agencies sales in Malaysia. Besides that, Internet also has caused the high street travel agencies to close, thus creating job losses within the businesses (Anon, 2010). Many studies have looked into The Internet Travel Industry: What Consumers Should Expect and Need to Know, and Options for a Better Marketplace (Harrell Associates, 2002), Travel Agents vs. Online Booking: Tackling the Shortcomings of Nowadays Online Tourism Portals (Bogdanovych, Berger, Simoff Carles Sierra, n.d), Evaluating the Adoption and Use of Internet-based Marketing Information Systems to Improve Marketing Intelligence : The Case of Tourism SMEs in Jordan, AL-allak, 2010), Attitudes Towards Internet Use Among Travel Agencies In Greece (Vasiliki, Costas Savvas) and Travel Agents Fight A Losing Battle With the Internet (World Airline News, 2008). Unfortunately, there is no specific study that evaluates or observes on the factors that lead to the methods of sustaining the travel agencies operation in Malaysia regarding on the technology advancement. 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 1) To identify the factors that capable to sustain the operation of travel agencies in Malaysia 2) To identify whether the performance or sales of travel agency are affected by the uses of technology such as Internet or not. 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION 1) What are the factors that can sustain the operation of travel agencies in Malaysia? 2) Does the performance or sales of travel agency are affected by the uses of technology such as Internet? 1.5 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Independent variables Dependent variable Sustainability factors: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Human Touch à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Negotiation Power à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Interpersonal Skills à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Niche Market Travel agencys operation Figure 1: Proposed framework for the study 1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The scope of the study is using the travel agencies around the Klang Valley area. All the travel agencies that took part in this study offers wide-range of services and products in their company. These travel agencies have been selected according to their location that located in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor. Most of the travel agencies are located in Kuala Lumpur. 1.7 SIGNIFANCE OF THE STUDY This study will basically benefit few categories of organizations that play important key roles in the tourism industry. Firstly, the government bodies such as the Ministry of Tourism, Tourism Malaysia and travel agencies in Malaysia. Secondly, this study will benefit the educational institution especially academicians and students in the tourism line. Therefore, it is hoped that this study can act as a guide and reference in future studies. There might be some filed in this study that is not investigate thoroughly due to constraint of time and funding and therefore it is welcome for any future researcher to examine those intended field. 1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY For this study, we were using online survey. In order to deliver the questionnaires, we need to use an email. We took the email address of travel agencies from MATTA website, MOTOUR website and also their own website, however, some of the emails are not valid. This problem leads to the difficulty in collecting the information and giving us some difficulties in processing the result. Other than that, some of travel agencies did not give cooperation to us. They were not answering the questionnaires even though we already stated that all information are confidential and only use for study purposes. Lack of the cooperation and resources limit the researchers to gain extra information to enhance the study. 1.9 SUMMARY This chapter has presented the background of the research and research problem, outlining the research objectives and questions relevant to the research topic. This chapter also covered the scope of the study together with the importance in conducting the research. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 INTRODUCTION This study aims to discover the factors that can make the travel agencies in Malaysia sustain its operation in this tourism industry. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, literatures regarding the sustainability factors will be examine. 2.1 HUMAN TOUCH According to a professor of psychology, Dacher Keltner from a University of California, Berkeley, he says that, touch is our richest means of emotional expression. The researcher found out that, touch interconnects in ways that words cannot (Moll, 2012). In retail store settings, concisely touching customers has been shown to rise the consumers shopping times, store valuations and purchase volumes (Lynn, Le, Sherwyn, 1998). According to Jochman (2009) in his article title The Benefit of Human Touch, he said that the quantity of body contact plays an important role in peoples physical growth and mental as infants and in our happiness as an adults as shown by the scientists. Human touch has experience of working with banks, credit unions, insurers and other financial service providers to increase awareness of how service excellence can have a dramatic impact on their bottom line (Anon, 2012). A service representative asking the right questions and being sensitive to a customers needs can make all the difference between the sale of a financial product and the loss of that business to a competitor (Anon, 2012). In the years of computer-generated workplaces, where e-mail, teleconferencing and fax machines increase, something is missing that American business people need to close a deal the human touch (Seaberry, 2000). In other words, handshake and looking at each others eyes are still needed by the business people. According to James J. Green (2012) in his article, he said that the personal touch-the person-to-person touch-that you offer to your clients the one that distinguishes you. He added that talking to your peers, in person, provides you with perceptions that you cannot get electronically. Individuals play an important role in any business relationship because it is actually managed by individuals (Nguyen Nguyen, 2011). In manufacturer-distributor relationships, personal interactions talk about the communication at the individual level between distributors and manufacturers vital contact people (Ulaga, 2003). Furthermore, research has shown that personal interaction can play a critical role in distributors valuations of suppliers performance (Ulaga, 2003). As said by Kaufman (2012), automation is vital for growing and speeds up service in many industries. However, he added that when individual care or courtesy is required, customers require contact with real people. Once human energy fl ows and connects, good things can get completed and you can increase customer experience to your advantage (Kaufman, 2012). Scholars in marketing and organizational behavior are present giving increasing attention to the personal interaction among the customer and the employee on the frontline of service businesses (Mattsson, 1994). The personal interaction is recognized to be one of the important subjects in business and industrial marketing, both in terms of practice and theory (Mainela Ulkuniemi, 2012). Mainela and Ulkuniemi (2012) also stated in their journal that, personal interaction is also required to exchange social values and it may weaken the involvement of price in determining the behavior of the two parties. According to Pinnington and Scanlon (2009), business relationships are actually managed by individuals and there is extensive personal interaction in any business relationship (Pinnington Scanlon, 2009). Research has shown that a lot of companies are moving from transactional separate relations to relational ones (Nguyen Nguyen, 2011). In addition, Tho D. Nguyen, Trang T.M. Nguyen (201 1) said that, committed relationships are among the most durable because they are difficult for competitors to comprehend, to duplicate, or to relocate. Thus, scholars and practitioners have agreed that two-way relationships between buyers and sellers represent a source of competitive advantage (Nguyen Nguyen, 2011). Travel agent might look similar to a profession of the past, just like elevator operators and milkmen, however they are not merely hanging on, certain of them are successful. In actual fact, the February/March topic of Shop Smart magazine has a story on travel agents, saying that they are a lot better than online travel services (Williams, 2008). In the article title Travel agents: Hong Kongers prefer the real thing, Hong Kong travelers blame the online trend and continue to choose for humans when booking vacations (Li, 2012). Li (2012) also said that, Hong Kong is not a huge city; it is appropriate for people to make straight contact with travel agents as they are the expertise and backing that an offline travel adviser can convey additional value to the holiday. Travel agents will make sure that you will have an incredible experience on your trip. They are excited and will show their enthusiasm in helping you, their clients, have the best vacation possible (Bow, 2012). Travel profe ssionals are individually invested in seeing your trip come to be a success trip. This personal interaction with existent, live agents undermines the frequent dull experience of doing it yourself online (Bow, 2012). As soon as you book a trip or a holiday with a travel agent, you create a personal as well as a business rapport with that travel agent. If something goes incorrect, your travel agent is your personal representative who has an entrusted concern in resolving the problem to your satisfaction (Morris, 2012). According to Geoff Williams (2008), if you are afraid that you will need to change your flight or your travel plans at the last minute, a travel agent might be capable to talk to an airline directly and will save you away from those worries and stresses. Even though growing numbers of people turning to technology, specialists on both sides of the bureau are saying that there will always be a space for the human touch (The Syedney Morning Herald, 2007). Wherever travel agents remain incomparable is in their capability to offer a personal service. Naisbitt (2001) refers to it as high-touch, the antidote to high-tech. Moreover, it is becoming increasingly evident that agencies will need a high-touch high-tech strategy to satisfy the customers of the future (Naisbitt, 2001). A website cannot provide what the travel agent can offer such offering help, advice and also that personal touch to your travel planning experiences (McNally, 2007). According to the technology advisor Mary O Haver, the experience that travel agent has is part of the personal touch that travel agents can offer. Besides that, according to Hoffman (2012) who is an online travel expert and managing director of the worlds largest online travel agency, expedia.com.au, peo ple will always like to walk into a store and get personal service. He also said that, the more complex the trip, the more cooperative an experienced agent will be. He continued that, an agent can guide an inexperienced traveler over foreign travel or travel to exotic destinations. When travel in less developed tourism destination, the travel agents may have more knowledge of travel about that destination (Morris, 2012). Complicated arrangements like various destinations on one ticket or group travel might turn into difficult and an agent with experience can help (Morris, 2012). According to Olmsted (2012) in his article, between the several main advantages of high-powered agents carry to the table is individual connections and influence. If you have problems while you remain away, your travel agent is there to help you in resolving your concerns. If you make a booking with a travel agency, you are less likely to experience flight, city, or accommodation changes by the tour company, as they know the agent will be there to stand behind you (Travel Cafà © Inc, 2012). If you have at present reserved your trip but before you go to travel you want to adjust some details, your travel agency can assist you by get all the required steps complete, leaving you without the difficulty and confusion (McNally, 2007). Travel agencies take care of all travel particulars form reserving tickets to booking hotels that can give the tourist sufficient time to plan the travel (McNally, 2007). According to Donvan Lieberman (2011), the human touch that makes travel agencies different is when something goes wrong with our trip; we have someone to call or refer to solve the problem. Compared to persons who booked their accommodation or flight tickets online, there was no one for them to refer to help them resolve that situation. Secondly, according to them, travel agents are giving services by giving real information or their personal experience on the destination spots they send people to. They can also give travel tips that maybe useful where we cannot get them from online information. If a person booked online, if there is any mistakes happen during their bookings, they will have to carry the burden for themselves. But, using by the travel agents, they will do anything in order to personalize the needs and wants of their customer (Travel Cafà © Inc, 2011). Besides that, the travel agents are giving their specialized expertise that an individual does not have, or might fo rget during a trip. For example, visas, insurance, currency exchange and also custom regulation of a destination (Cole, 2009). Travel agents can help you to arrange and organize any compulsory official papers that you possibly will need in order to travel outside of the country (McNally, 2007). Rand McNally (2007) added that, travel agents know the necessary documents that you may need for your traveling such as visa and they can direct you to your local passport office too. Furthermore, travel agent can give extra services that an individual cannot get from online booking. One of the example is they have the ability to source and different travel experience and help to book hard booked restaurant (Talwar, 2011). Other than that, when you call with any problems during your trip, an online travel agency is not going to pick-up the phone but then a travel agent will remains to give you that personal care even though you are away (McNally, 2007). Building that personal relationship pro vides you the assurance that you can reliance on your agents expertise and no matter the situation, they will be around to assist you to find a resolution (Bow, 2012). Additionally, if you should have any enquiries after booking your trip, you know exactly how to contact your travel agent and can escape the uncertain FAQ section on a website (McNally, 2007). The services that serve with the human touch and worth deal will make the travel agency retain in the business. According to Geoff Williams in his article, he said that as soon as the tourism space getting bigger, you are going to have a choice in the middle of a thinking, helpful individual and a capable unfeeling internet site that does not surely care if you travel on Saturn whereas your baggage bursts into flames on Mercury. As for that, who are you going to trust? Smart Money magazine summarized the whole thing moderately well on the cover of the June 2007 edition. FORGET ONLINE! TRAVEL AGENTS GET BETTER DEALS. 2.2 NEGOTIATION POWER In general, negotiation mean bargaining process between two or more parties seeking to discover a common ground and reach an agreement to settle a matter of mutual concern or resolve a conflict (Business Dictionary.com). According to Fisher Ury in their book Getting to YES: Negotiating Agreement without Giving In, negotiating is a basic way in getting what you want from other people (1981). While in Oxford Dictionary, negotiation means discussion is aimed at reaching an agreement. In Women Are Getting Even (WAGE) website, they interpret negotiation as conversation between two parties in order to make an exchange. According to Rusk (2006), the meaning of negotiation is discussion intended to produce an agreement. It also can be referring as common solutions that used to make a decisions and settle down the problems (Moore, 2012), a process which is two or more parties attempt to agree on the rate of goods and services that they exchange (Robbins Judge, 2003). Conflict and negotiatio n are a fact of everyday work-life, yet it often produces anxiety (Cutts, 2012). The UK Border Agency has announced that there are still technical problems with online booking service (Kelly, 2012). This statement shows that sometimes online booking faced a problem such as lost record (Kirschbaum, 2009), security issues (Fane, 2010) and technical issues (Scoot, 2012). There are problems that faced by customer when they used online booking system. Despite the fact that all the respondents (except for one) use computers almost every day, 14% believe that booking online is not securing in general (Bogdanovych et al, 2006). Conflict happen because of these problems. Conflict happen when people did not agree with the issue, it will create a friction or tension between that individual or groups (Nahavandi, 1999). Negotiation is a process that examining the facts of situation, exposing the interest of both parties involved and bargaining to solve the conflict as many as possible (Moore, 2012). Negotiation permeates the interaction of almost everybody in the organization (Robbins Judge, 2003). According to Lucas (2008), conflict might occur because of differing perception, inadequate or poor communication and also contrary expectations. These problems often happen when dealing with customer especially in travel agency. In tourism industry, negotiation is an important process to gain a mutual agreement of something, especially for the travel agencies. It is crucial for them to confirm what their customer wants and need. Through negotiation conflict between travel agency and customer can be reduced. Negotiating through areas of conflict can often lead to win-win situations agreeable to parties, reducing ill felling and conflict (Queensland Government, 2011). Travel agents have the negotiation power because they have maximum choice to offer to their clients (Travel Cafà © Inc 2011). This means they have variety of choices that they can get from their travel suppliers and they can give us the best deal with best value of possible. Online booking lack of firsthand knowledge and rarely gives customer opportunity to speak with someone knowledgeable about service that they are booking (Morelock, 2012). The clients and travel agents can assists us to get what we need in our vacation and help us to get the best offer. Online booking allows customer to make all travel plans on the Internet means they can do it any time of the day or night at home or while theyre on their lunch break at the office (Oakley, 2012). It is true when we are doing booking online we can make a booking everywhere and anytime, where it will be more convenient to us, but we cannot negotiate the price of the tourism product that we wish to book. If we are negotiating with travel agents, we have the chance to get lower prices as possible. Price negotiation usually occurs during purchasing of materials or supplies (Francois, 2012). For example, if a travel package to Cameron Highlands costs about RM300 for two nights, the clients can negotiate to get the lower price and finally they will get the offer around RM250 only. With negotiations, both parties will receive their own benefits and it is a win-win situation (Rusk, 2006). When customer asks an agent to negotiate, means customer are essentially asking the agent to subsidize t heir vacation (Brock, 2009) but through online system, customer had no change to negotiate with an agent because the price is fixed. The Marriott International, Hilton Hotels, Sheraton Hotels Resorts and others was charged in San Francisco Federal Court on charges conspired to use their market dominance to fix the hotel prices with travel websites like Travelocity, Booking.com and Expedia, a subsidiary of Priceline.com From this case we can see that customer cannot negotiate the price because the price is fixed. The aim of the negotiations is to decide the price that is acceptable for both parties (Francois, 2012) From price negotiation process it becomes bargaining process. Negotiations commonly follow a process of positional bargaining (Cutts, 2012). Oxford Online Dictionary give two interpretation of bargaining, the first is an agreement between two or more people or groups as to what each will do for the other. The second is a thing bought or offered for sale much more cheaply than usual or expected. There are two types of negotiation which are distributive bargaining and integrative bargaining (Robbins Judge, 2003). Distributive bargaining also called claiming value, zero-sum or win-lose bargaining is a competitive strategy that is used to decide how to distribute a fixed resource such as money (Spangler, 2003). Honeyman (2012), interpret integrative bargaining as one of platform which party try to understand interests of another party, on the expectation that it will helping the opponent to create solution as responsive its own concerns. According to Tewart (2012), many times people say they dont like to negotiate (bargaining) yet, they still shop around and never pay full price. The word bargaining here does not only mean price negotiation, it is a much differentiated and broader term (Management Study Guide, 2012). Customer also can bargain to build his or her own trip with or without help from a customer care executive (Agarwal, 2012), asking whether travel agency offer travel insurance (trip Travel Responsibility Informed Protected, 2012) and a customer can seek redress under certain circumstances commonly referred as the right to repair, replacement or refund (Government of South Australia, 2011). These are things that customer can always bargain with travel agencies. The freedom for the customer is restricted when they make booking through online system. Customer cannot confirm their specific requirement when make the online booking through the hotel reservation system (Vyas, 2010). For example, when they make booking through hotel reservation system and they have something that they dont understand, there is no place for them to raise the questions. According to Lloyd, booking online doesnt have individual to deal with booking process, it leaf to customer to read and understand the complicated terms and conditions. One of the advantages of booking direct with the hotel, by phone or email, is that customer can request a specific room of the hotel and they cannot normally do that online or with an agent (Trend, 2010) According to Tewart (2012), most people act in their best interest and most people who say they dont like negotiating, actually still want to. This statement shows that customers still love to negotiate and online booking system prevent them from doing it. Negotiation is needed in order to secure the resources required for successful project completion (Evans Lindsay, 2008). Through negotiating win-win solutions with customers, it will not only give your company the best chance to succeed but will also create relation between customer and your company for future sales opportunities (Douglas, 2003). Negotiation also can increase clarity about the problem, can lead to innovative breakthroughs and new approaches, involvement in conflict can sharpen approaches to bargaining, influencing, competing and also can focus more attention on basic issues and lead to solution (Wertheim,1996). Solving problems that arise in negotiations is an integral part of collective bargaining. The first task is to recognize what is the problem that occurs and the secondly, is to decide what strategy should be taken to solve the problem (Anon, 2012). According to Goodale (2007), negotiation is one of the most important parts in business as well as one of the most interesting parts of professional purchasing

t true knight :: essays research papers

The Definition of a Knight   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Knights were a type of soldier established in the middle ages, sworn to protect the nobility. They followed the rules of chivalry, rode the best horses, bared the finest arms and weaponry, and were highly respected. A strong need for protection of the nobility brought knighthood to be and chivalry to order. True knights are far and few now, by the end of the 16th century knighthood was over. Real knights fought hand-to-hand, before guns and gun-powder, heavily armored and ready for battle. Finding a true knight might seem hard now, but true knights exist, they just don’t look the same.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A knights training started early in his life. At age 7 a boy would be a page. At 14, a page would become a squire, and the training would become tougher. Finally at age 21, a squire would become a knight, and he would serve in the military for 40 more years. This sounds familiar to life now doesn’t it? At 7, a boy/girl would help around the house or at others houses. He/she would be learning about how to complete different tasks in the garden, the kitchen, the garage, etc. At age 14, a boy/girl might acquire a part-time job, or summer work. Train more for the â€Å"real world† and gain more knowledge for the future. This is also the age that he/she might learn about sex, drugs, respect, kindness, even love maybe. Finally at age 21, that boy/girl is now a man/woman. Pursuing a career, starting a family, and working hard to provide and protect his/her family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The way a person is raised now, is not much different of that of a knight. The difference now might be chivalry. A chivalrous knight will be courteous, kind, protective of what’s right, aggressive to what is wrong, and will value the true things in life; family, love, and life. The same 21 year old man/woman, will love their family, love their spouse, protect his/her family, be kind to others, teach his/her children right from wrong.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Knight is, kind, chivalrous, gentle, honorable, merciful, and willing to sacrifice.

Philippines Country Sales

According to Yahoo Philippines Country Sales Director, Arlene Amarante http://thenewmedia.com/state-of-online-advertising-in-the-philippines-yahoo-phs-arlene-amarante/ that:â€Å"The online advertising industry here in the Philippines is in a state of rapid growth. While there is still much evangelization to do, the market players – both advertisers and advertising agencies – are now asking the more relevant questions unlike 3 years ago. They now start to ask: How do we start? How do I integrate online with my existing campaign? Can it work for a brand or industry like mine? How do I measure my success? These questions tell us that it is no longer about why advertisers should be online; it is about maximizing their advertising dollars and using online the right way.And, while online is still at a 26% penetration level, we see that the landscape is further paving the way for increased and rapid exponential growth – new broadband products, increased broadband pene tration, rise of internet mobile, rise of smart phones and the proliferation of low-priced PCs. Consumer behavior support the phenomenon. They are no longer dictated by traditional media alone; they immediately search for brands prior to a purchase. They are no longer looking for yesterdays’ news; they want to know what’s happening now. They are no longer waiting for brands to come and communicate to them; they are starting the conversations. Online advertising is now a powerful force that no one can no longer deny.†According to Mark Chaves, director of media intelligence solutions at SAS, http://www.studymode.com/essays/Local-Studies-1071666.html that:â€Å"Consumers are online right now talking about your products and services, their experiences, and their likes and dislikes. Smart marketers aren't just listening to online chatter; they are analyzing it to better focus resources and build engagement and loyalty,† â€Å"SAS Social Media Analytics helps m arketers combine data from online conversations with other data, such as a company's customer relationship management software, to build a more complete picture of each customer and then use these analytically-driven insights to predict and act,†Chaves added.According to LiveJournal,http://www.aijc.com.ph/survey_internet_access.pdf that:â€Å"The Philippines ranks seventh among the top 15 countries where blog hosting is popularly used. There are presently 39,274 Filipino bloggers under this hosting site.†LOCAL LITERATUREAccording to Josefina Estolas in the book Fundamentals of Research (1995) http://www.studymode.com/essays/Review-Of-Related-Literature-And-Studies-177904.html that:â€Å"In exploration, we find new techniques, new knowledge, even develop new substances, gadgets, equipment, processes or procedures, imagination and skill is employed by the researcher. The commodities, new devices, services, in technology are needs of man for a better fuller life which is the concern of the research. These useful arts are the products of the technological environment and the end-user is society in general†.According to Jeffrey A. Hofer on Modern System Analysis and Design (1996), http://www.studymode.com/essays/Review-Of-Related-Literature-And-Studies-177904.html that:â€Å"Science and technology are essential for national development and progress. The State shall give priority to research and development, invention, and their utilization, and to science and technology education according to the 1987 Philippine Constitution (Article XIV, Section 10).Since computer power  was the critical resource, efficiency of processing became the main goal. Emphasis was placed on automating existing process such as purchasing or paying, often within single department.† According to Abraham Silberschatz, Database System Concepts (1999) http://www.studymode.com/essays/Review-Of-Related-Literature-And-Studies-177904.html that:â€Å"A major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an abstract view of data. That is the system hides certain details of how the data are stored and maintained.†Foreign Studies According to Ajzen and Fishbein (1980), http://www.ukessays.co.uk/essays/marketing/the-literature-review.php that:Attitude is defined as â€Å"a learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favourable or unfavourable manner with respect to a given object†. It is the mental and physical respond that involve beliefs, feelings, values and predisposition to act in certain ways.According to Davis (1989), http://www.ukessays.co.uk/essays/marketing/the-literature-review.php that:In the earlier studies, perceived usefulness is defined as â€Å"the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would enhance his or her job performance†.According to Koufaris 2002, http://www.ukessays.co.uk/essays/marketing/the-literature-review.php that:Replaced the term â€Å"personal involvementà ¢â‚¬  into â€Å"product involvement†. In this research he used product involvement instead of personal involvement to point out the same concept and defined as â€Å"individual motivation regarding an object where that motivational state is activated by the relevance or importance of the object in question†.Foreign Literature According to Levy and Malaviya (1999) http://www.ukessays.co.uk/essays/marketing/the-literature-review.php that:Indicated that effectiveness of advertising is â€Å"persuasion does not rest within advertising messages per se and it depends on certain mental processes that as ad recipient invokes†. Generally, advertising effectiveness is described as being â€Å"a hierarchy of effects† (Vakratas and Amber, 1999). In the other word, changes of consumer perceptions by the information in the advertisement will lead to a change in their behaviors.According to Palanisamy and Wong (2003)http://www.ukessays.co.uk/essays/marketing/the-liter ature-review.phpthat:â€Å"When the consumer has a sense in what they believe is a quality price, quality of service, quality of interaction of the service and image of the business is explained as their expectation. When consumer expectations increase or decrease that effectiveness of advertising would change accordingly as this is a proportional relationship.†According to Tomsen and Faith (2003) http://www.ukessays.co.uk/essays/marketing/the-literature-review.php that:â€Å"Growing capabilities of interactive devices and fuel innovation set the consumer expectations. Consumer will develop new expectations about the new technology itself, services and network that support the technology. Acceleration of the development of the new technology and service providers is to fulfill the need of consumer shifting expectations. Likewise, evolution of technology is derived from the interactive consumer expectations. In this context, evolution of technology is seemed as evolution of i nternet advertising. Quality, reliability, convenience, attractive appearance and superior technology are the expectations of the consumers.†

Ethics Reflection Paper

Ethics Reflection Paper Free Online Research Papers Ethics Reflection Paper Ethics and social responsibility are both very important elements that can determine the success of a business. When a strategic plan is implemented, it should take account of the stakeholders needs by making sure what position ethics and social responsibility will play. I have been in the automotive industry for nearly 20 years and I have watched how certain companies no longer put ethics and social responsibility for the consumer’s first but only to gain wealth for the stakeholders. A good example: Toyota’s brakes malfunction on numerous vehicles. Several people lost their lives and many were seriously injured because the brakes failed to stop. Toyota first blamed the floor mats for the cause, and asked consumers to remove them. Yet months later through an investigation it was determine that Toyota had known the problem was the brake pedals. Toyota’s president eventually had to go public, and ask the consumers to continue to believe in their product by reassuring the public that every measure is being taken to correct this problem. Nevertheless, many lawsuits have been filed against Toyota for the deaths and injures, 16 million in fines owed to the federal government and the company’s reputation is at stake. Toyota had a social responsibility to inform immediately the consumers and by not doing so Toyota was ethical wrong. Ethics are guiding principles used to help management and employees conduct themselves according to the values and standards set forth by the company. To ensure employees understand the rules and make good ethical decisions, a company’s plan should exemplify the beliefs and values that the business and their employees consider most important. Many of these principles and values are found in the company’s mission, vision, and philosophy statements that provide course, reason, and a clear understanding of an organization’s behavioral expectations and decisions made by the stakeholders. Pearson and Robinson (2004) stated â€Å"central to the belief that companies should be operated in a socially responsive way for the benefit of all stakeholders is the belief that managers will behave in an ethical manner† (p. 60). I have worked for a major automotive company and I have observed how quality has been compromised. It starts with allowing a small defective scratch on a part to allowing parts that have rusted because of poor construction to still be used. This is all permitted because of the high cost of rework or possibly scrapping inventory. The consumer spends $30,000 on a vehicle with hidden flaws and the company hopes it will not later be a problem. Where is the ethics and social responsibility to produce a car that measures up to the company’s name and standards. As a manager in an UAW plant, I have been told by my upper management to over look if I think or know an hourly employee perhaps is high or intoxicated just as long as the employee is doing his or her job, even if its at the expense of someone’s safety. The company’s mission and vision statement both state quality first yet there is a mixed message. Even though a plan is in place and ethical guidelines are established, unethical behavior is always present at a management or a secondary level. I am a business student completing my master’s degree and my ethical perspective has changed a great deal through this program. My business classes at University of Phoenix all related to some degree the study of ethics. My prior research on such company’s as Enron and WorldCom have given me a better understanding of unethical behavior and what it takes to make a business successful or be unsuccessful. Businesses and individuals should make a conscious attempt to exhibit ethical behavior at all times. The ethical guidelines should be adopted by all management levels to govern him or her accordingly. My ethics awareness inventory scores: Results mostly and Equity least, I agree with these findings. I am a person who depends on results. I believe my years in the automotive industry contribute to my perspectives on ethics and validate these scores to be accurate. I am a person who needs to see results that are positive. Because my industry is an assembly plant the product must be completed which, mean completely assembled is the final result. Fairness is not something I observe daily. Nepotism occurs daily, a person is awarded a promotion from the boss because he or she is either a golf buddy or a relative and not because he or she is qualified to do the job. So that explains why I scored so low in equity. Fairness does not always occur in my workplace world. My score in the ethnical choices in the workplace was 72 that indicated I need to initiate more openness. Reference Pearce, J.A., Robinson, R.B. (2009). Strategic management: Formulation, implementation, And control. 11th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin Research Papers on Ethics Reflection PaperMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaResearch Process Part OneTwilight of the UAWThe Project Managment Office SystemMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Definition of Export QuotasGenetic Engineering

Free Essays on Translation Essay

Look Again at Act Two, SCENE ONE, from â€Å"OWEN: What is happening?† to â€Å"OWEN: A perfect congruence with its reality.† Do you agree that this exchange between Owen and Yolland represents a pivotal point in the play as a whole? Use a close examination of this extract as your starting point. This section of the play is very important as it contains the major theme of the play: language. We are also informed about Owen and Yolland’s views towards language. It encompasses what has happened and we are led into the rest of the play, with hints of what is to come. Owen was brought up in Ireland by his father, Hugh. Hugh is the master of the local hedge school, he is a drunken old man who â€Å"[carries] a stick† with him to look very authoritarian. The hedge schools were first created when in the seventeenth century Catholic and Gaelic education was outlawed in the Ireland, they were mobile or secret schools. When the laws were relaxed the schools were moved to barns. However, we see the threat to the Hedge school very early on in the play. The national schools are going to bring about free education in English and it is difficult to see that parents will pay out money for hedge schools when this happens, the conflict and threat of the English are bestowed in the novel via the national School. Manus is the first person to mention the national school in the play; he is Hugh’s older son and is a character full of â€Å"zeal†: â€Å"Manus: †¦she forgot who she was dictating to: ‘The†¦schoolmaster and that lame son of his are†¦wasting people’s good time and money.’†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Thank God one of them new national schools is being built†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  Manus practically runs the hedge school and we realise that he also plays the housekeeper for his father as he is asked to fetch â€Å"a bowl of tea†¦and a slice of soda bread† soon after Hugh enters the set. Manus seems interested in one of the young girls who attend the hedge ... Free Essays on Translation Essay Free Essays on Translation Essay Look Again at Act Two, SCENE ONE, from â€Å"OWEN: What is happening?† to â€Å"OWEN: A perfect congruence with its reality.† Do you agree that this exchange between Owen and Yolland represents a pivotal point in the play as a whole? Use a close examination of this extract as your starting point. This section of the play is very important as it contains the major theme of the play: language. We are also informed about Owen and Yolland’s views towards language. It encompasses what has happened and we are led into the rest of the play, with hints of what is to come. Owen was brought up in Ireland by his father, Hugh. Hugh is the master of the local hedge school, he is a drunken old man who â€Å"[carries] a stick† with him to look very authoritarian. The hedge schools were first created when in the seventeenth century Catholic and Gaelic education was outlawed in the Ireland, they were mobile or secret schools. When the laws were relaxed the schools were moved to barns. However, we see the threat to the Hedge school very early on in the play. The national schools are going to bring about free education in English and it is difficult to see that parents will pay out money for hedge schools when this happens, the conflict and threat of the English are bestowed in the novel via the national School. Manus is the first person to mention the national school in the play; he is Hugh’s older son and is a character full of â€Å"zeal†: â€Å"Manus: †¦she forgot who she was dictating to: ‘The†¦schoolmaster and that lame son of his are†¦wasting people’s good time and money.’†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Thank God one of them new national schools is being built†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  Manus practically runs the hedge school and we realise that he also plays the housekeeper for his father as he is asked to fetch â€Å"a bowl of tea†¦and a slice of soda bread† soon after Hugh enters the set. Manus seems interested in one of the young girls who attend the hedge ...

DQ 4 and DQ 5 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DQ 4 and DQ 5 - Research Paper Example In order to successfully implement change in the unit, the leader needs to involve other members of the unit so that they can share the same vision with the leader. This is aptly stated in the following statement: â€Å"Perhaps one of the most significant shifts that has occurred in the workplace relates to the change in the workers themselves,† (O’Grady, 2003, Part 1, p. 106). Thus, it is imperative to change the mindset of the employees so that they can also change their approach to their work. This can also help them to develop knowledge which can be used in their respective units. In order to achieve this feat, O’Grady (1998, p1, as cited in Grossman & Valiga, 2009) describes the following rules that can be taken in order to implement change in the organization: â€Å"Make no exceptions† where the leader should make an effort to involve everyone in the change process. The other rule is the nurse should â€Å"read the signs† where the leader ough t to be aware of the changes that may be taking place in the environment apart from the healthcare system. This also involves empowering the employees concerned so that they can take a leading role in implementing change. The other rule is that the leader should â€Å"construct new architecture† which is concerned with supporting the people so that they can integrate the new practices in the envisaged change process. Basically, the leader in this scenario should focus on creating social awareness among the followers so that they can also share the same vision for change with him. This will help the leader to be in a position to inspire the workers to adopt change in their operations. â€Å"Most followers want comfort, routine, stability, and good problem solving,† (O’Gradyy, 2003, Part 2, p. 173). It is also important for the leader to know that change is an ongoing process hence the need to constantly involve the employees in this change

Unit 2 Discussion Board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Unit 2 Discussion Board - Essay Example The dynamic pricing strategy of Air Deccan is to use price as a function of demand and supply, wherein the earlier the booking is done the lesser is the price (About Us). To enable this pricing model made use of Information Technology to the full extent by setting up an Internet-based Centralized reservation system that centralized customers reservations through distribution channels through the Internet, call centers or travel agents. This enabled fares to be controlled by a group of computers using linear programming for revenue management. From the time a flight is opened for booking pricing is tracked and changed based on demand. The system uses a fare buckets for a given flight and fares change by the date, day of week and time of day (Sampler, 2006). The price of an air ticket booked early on Air Deccan compares favorably with an upper class rail ticket and is a boon to the more than 300 million middle class segment of society in India, which has happily accepted this means to affordable air travel. This advantage that Air Deccan offered with its dynamic pricing policy has caused a dramatic growth in the use of Air Deccan, whereby within three years since its starting, it has flown more than 5.8 million passengers and garnered a market share of 21.2 percent to become the second largest carrier in the country, pushing the national carrier Indian to third position (Air Deccan overtakes Indian in market share). Air Deccan faces two disadvantages as a result of its dynamic pricing strategy. It is facing threats to its market share from the full-service carriers in the country as well as new low-cost carriers. The full-service are lowering their airfares in the face of threat from Air Deccan and the other low-cost airlines, while the new entrant low-cost airlines are expected to use price as an entry strategy. There is no more flexibility available in pricing strategy of

Research Paper (How conflicts effect an economy, focusing on

(How conflicts effect an economy, focusing on Afghanistan) - Research Paper Example Development indicators are some variables to measure when determining the level of a country’s economic growth. For instance, life expectancy can be a development indicator, and it is a variable that is easy to measure. Another hypothesis in this study can focus on conflict conditions that affect economic development. In this case, the hypothesis can be "conflicts leads to political instability creating conditions that do not favor economic growth". This can be an alternative hypothesis and the reason for setting for the research question is that it gives measurable variables. It is easy to conduct interviews and collect opinions of the Afghanistan business people about what political instability implies for their investment. Therefore, the research has both general and alternative hypothesis and prefers them since the variables easy to measure. The research will not be complete without good conceptualization of the design and approach to the study. In the conceptualization stage, researchers attempt to define their study to the details or they make it as clear as possible2. In this case, it will be necessary to dig deep about conflicts. The word conflict has different meanings depending on the context that individuals use it. In general terms, conflict refers to the state of disagreement between two or more people. In civic terms, a conflict refers to differences in ideologies between one or two people. However, the term conflicts bring the image of battle and wars in the country, society or a community. Therefore, this study refers to conflicts in terms of war and raging battles. The aspect of conflicts that the study seeks to cover is economic implications of wars and battles. In the Afghanistan for instance, conflicts have been responsible for many problems in the country ranging from insecurity to slow economic growth. Conflicts in this context refer to the situation where the country

The United States and the Soviet Union in the Period 1944- 1950 Essay Example for Free

The United States and the Soviet Union in the Period 1944- 1950 Essay In 1944 the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, were allies in the war against National Socialist Germany and her Fascist Axis allies in Europe; however by 1950 the relationship had disintegrated to such an extent that the two countries had on more than one occasion nearly gone to war with each other. How had this situation arisen, and what were the implications not only for the two protagonists in what became known as the Cold War, but also for the rest of the world in this new Atomic Age. There was no definite date on which the erstwhile allies began to regard each other as potential adversaries and rivals for world influence. Neither, was their one definitive or underlying reason, for the difference of opinion between the erstwhile Second World War Allies. However, in the latter stages of the conflict and the years immediately following it would emerge a pattern of misunderstandings, miscalculations, misjudgements and suspicions which would come to characterise the following fifty years or so, in the relationship between the two countries and their respective allies. In order to assess the political realities of the situation pertaining at the time it is necessary to consider the geopolitical realities which existed, particular within Europe; and in addition to consider the internal political and economic situations in both countries in the time of victory over the Nazis, and the five years following that victory. Not, withstanding that there was also the Empire of Japan to be defeated particularly by Britain and America, although the Soviet Union would also have a part to play in that conflicts denouement. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was born as a result of the 1917 October Revolution, when the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov known as Lenin, Established the worlds first communist state by overthrowing the Provisional Government of Alexander Kerensky. There followed a Russian Civil War from which the Red Army formed by Leon Trotsky was eventually to secure a victory for Lenins Bolsheviks. Prior to this the emerging state faced enemies both internally and external, indeed Britain, France and the US all at one time gave support to the whites the enemies of the communists in the Russian Civil war. In 1923 Lenin died and a power struggle ensued to see who would succeed him. Joseph Jugashvili, better known as Joseph Stalin emerged as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He set about mercilessly liquidating all opposition. Including his bitter rival Trotsky (who was murdered in exile in Mexico), his merciless repression reached a peak with show trials and executions of alleged counter revolutionaries. The number of people he was responsible for killing either directly or indirectly by failed economic policies etc. is unknown but must run into several millions. The form of communist state he created is commonly called Stalinist. Historians often point out Stalins purges of military officers as one of the main contributing factor in Hitlers early successes in the Soviet Union. The Nazi onslaught came about despite the Non-Aggression Pact signed between the 2 counties in 1940. Nonetheless, by 1944 Soviet troops were poised to begin the final defeat of the Third Reich, from the east. In 1944 a confident and vigorous United States, led by Franklin D. Roosevelt, was relishing the prospect of the liberation of Europe and also the much longed for defeat of Japan. The war, had by dint of the huge amount of government spending, revitalised the American economy and by the final stages of the war America was indisputably the worlds economic heavyweight. Roosevelt was indeed the only American president in history to be elected to four terms in office. He certainly carried the majority of the population along with him. Although, it must be stated that he also earned the undying enmity, of a large section of the American conservative right, who blamed Roosevelt for introducing socialist policies to America i.e. the policies introduced by the first Roosevelt administration, to institute economic recovery in the midst of the Great Depression (known as the New Deal), possibly one of the worst economic crisis that the capitalist economies had ever faced. In reality, the New Deal owed more to the economic policies of the British economist John Maynard Keynes than to those of Karl Marx. Nonetheless, to a section of American Society who imbibed the notion of classic liberal laissez faire economics with their mothers milk; Roosevelts ideas represented an unwholesome and unwelcome change of priorities, and the bitterness felt would not be easily dissipated. With the Japanese attack on the US fleet at Pearl Harbor on the 7th December 1941, and Hitlers Declaration of war against America, the US the Second World War alongside the UK and the Soviet Union which, as previously stated, Hitlers Germany attacked in the summer of 1941 in Operation Barberossa. So right from the outset the alliance between the Soviet Union and the United States was more a marriage of convenience, than a love match. Historically, this alliance was something of an aberration, as the US did not even recognise the USSR, until 1933. However, it wasnt until victory looked certain, that the parties gave any serious thought to the shape of the post war world. In October 1944 the British Prime Minister held a meeting with Stalin in Moscow during the course of which, the post war shape of the Balkans and the contiguous regions was tacitally agreed; or perhaps, more accurately the areas of these regions where each power would have spheres of influence. This meeting was to prove hugely significant in the years to come: in particular as to the thinking of Joseph Stalin. As the end of National Socialism and Japanese militarism became inevitable during the course of 1944, the war aims of the victors became settled in the minds of the probable victors. It soon became apparent that both the USSR and the USA had different end games in mind, which as the international situation settled down in 1945, soon turned out not only to be different but also to a large extent mutually exclusive. These differences became publicly apparent for the first time during the Yalta Conference, a meeting held in the Crimean resort between the leaders of the Allied powers in February 1945, i.e. Stalin, Roosevelt and Winston S. Churchill, the prime minister of the United Kingdom. Although, it is debateable whether, any great or meaningful blueprints for the future of the post war world were actually arrived at during the course of the Crimean Conference, other than the three leaders formally re-affirming the Dumbarton Oaks agreement setting up of the United Nations. However, there were understandings, firstly that elections would be held in all liberated countries, additionally a rather nebulous declaration of self-determination for the said countries. What was not explicitally stated, but nonetheless implicitly understood by all parties was the notion of legitimate spheres of influence, along the lines agreed in the Churchill- Stalin summit in 1944. Had it not been realised before, Yalta it certainly became known during the conferences that each power in particular the Soviets put different interpretations on the notion of free and fair elections and inter alia democracy. This, notion would be physically shaped by events on the battlefield more than lines on a map drawn by political leaders. At Yalta Roosevelt and Churchill informed Stalin that a second front would definitely be launched against Hitler. In addition Churchill and Roosevelt sought to ensure that the agreements viz. free and fair elections would be applied with regard to Poland as it must be borne in mind that this was Britains original war ain in 1939 when it went to war after Hitler invaded Poland. Churchill in particular was aware of the historical enmity that existed between Poland and Russia: Stalin however assuaged Anglo- American concerns, and assured Britain and the US that the Soviet Union would allow free elections in all European countries liberated by t he Red Army The legacy of Yalta, is still the subject of contentious debate, particularly amongst the conservative section of the American body politic; however as was previously stated in terms of ascribing spheres of influence in reality this conference really only confirmed what was happening on the ground i.e. the Red Army had already liberated much of Eastern Europe and was poised for the invasion of the Third Reich proper in 1944/45. Whilst the Western Allies would soon put into effect Operation Overlord landing on the beaches of Normandy on their march, to destroy the Reich from the west; in addition to the push northwards through the now German occupied Italy, in the face of a tactically dogged and inspired German retreat, organised by Field Marshall Albert Kesselring. Thus, it would be difficult to see, short of immediately going to war with the Soviet Union or perhaps credibly threatening to do so, even if that had been either militarily or politically possible; what in reality the Bri tish or the Americans could have done differently. One interesting footnote to the Yalta Conference is that just two days after its conclusion the RAF and the USAAF, bombed the historic eastern German city of Dresden with horrific civilian casualties (around 25,000, although the precise figure was never known) and dubious strategic importance. By the time of the next Allied conference, held in Potsdam in Western Germany in August 1945, the scene had shifted dramatically. President Roosevelt, who had towered over American foreign and domestic policy had died and been replaced by the Vice- President Harry S. Trumann. Roosevelt had not involved Trumann in the field of foreign affairs quite deliberately. He therefore had to get himself up to speed immediately. Trumann was not as understanding of Soviet foibles as Roosevelt had shown him to be; nonetheless he was not, at this stage, anti Soviet. In the United Kingdom too, there was a change in leadership Clement Atlees Labour Government having won a sensational landslide victory in what was dubbed The Khaki election: replacing the wartime coalition led by Churchill (the actual changeover coming during the conference itself). Both Western leaders were suspicious of Stalins motives regarding his plans for Eastern Europe, in particular his approach to the promises made in Yalta in regard to free elections, where it seemed in both American and British minds, that Stalin just wanted the installation of puppet pro- Soviet regimes. The Soviet leader was perhaps somewhat perplexed at this change of attitude, as Stalin understood that he already had agreement on spheres of influence and he considered it a done deal. One factor, which obviously emboldened Trumann, was the knowledge that the US would drop the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima six days after the end of this conference. The Americans did not officially inform Stalin, but in any event it is likely he was aware of the bomb from his spies (mainly within British Intelligence); nonetheless, it is debatable if Stalin actually understood the awesome power of nuclear weapons at that stage. As the records show Hiroshima was bombed on the 6th August 1945, followed 3 days later by an atomic attack against the Japanese city of Nagasaki. Meanwhile, the Soviet Union declared war on the Japanese on the 8th August 1945. The Japanese in the face of the twin threat from Atomic weapons and the Red Army surrendered on the 15th August. The wartime alliance now began to rapidly unravel as its whole raison detre i.e. the defeat of its wartime adversaries had been accomplished. There were meetings between the parties but little of substance was achieved, and more often than not these meetings would degenerate into accusatorial exchanges. There was no doubt that the power of the bomb was in many ways a show of American strength, to the Soviet Union, one that was noted accordingly. One, agreement of note should be mentioned which would assume great import in the coming years was the Agreement for the Soviets to accept the surrender of Japanese forces above the 38th Parrralel, and the Americans to assume control below this. The area of trade proved another source of disagreement, Roosevelts lend lease scheme that had been of enormous influence throughout the conflict. to all Allied nations, more or less came to an end on the ascension of Truman to the Presidency. In actual fact cargo ships destined for the Soviet Union were called back en- route. To add insult to already injured Soviet feelings was the loss of a Soviet application for US trade credits, somewhere within the Washington bureaucratic machine. The Soviet hunger for tax credits was satiated by the American talk of consultation representation on all matters relating to trade in Eastern Europe. In the same breadth the Americans sought to agree plans for repayment of Soviet lend lease debt. The question of American commercial and cultural hegemony would resonate in Europe in years to come, and not just with the Soviet Union. Perhaps the most important document to come out of this period was the so- called long telegram whose progenitor was George F. Kennan an America specialist on Soviet affairs. Keenans analysis of Soviet policy was widely disseminated within the US State Department and in time would hugely affect the policy of Trumans administration. In this telegram Kennan espouses the view that the Soviet view of the world is essentially akin to that held by the pre revolutionary Russians, dressed up with and made even more lethal by the addition of Marxism. Kennan advised toughness when dealing with the Soviet Union and essentially called for a US policy of containment of Soviet influence, as opposed to the view of Roosevelt, which sought to encourage the Soviet Union into a new liberal democratic order. However, at this stage Truman was not yet ready for a policy of containment, if not idealistic enough to take Roosevelts position he was still hoping for some kind of rapprochement with Stalin. Winston Churchill captured the mood of the times (15th March 1946) from an Anglo/ American perspective at any rate, when in a speech in Fulton, Missouri he declaimed to an audience that included a nodding President Truman that from Szczecin in the North to Trieste on the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended on the continent. Churchill also used this speech to call for an alliance of English speaking nations. Stalin was, not altogether unsurprisingly, alarmed at the thrust of Churchills rhetoric, as in Soviet eyes the target of this proposed alliance could only be the Soviet Union itself: and made his feelings public in an interview given to Pravda on the 13th March 1946. Stalin reiterated Soviet concerns viz. Anglo- American aggressive tendencies and equated the undertones of Churchills speech to the racist ones orated by Adolf Hitler. Stalin also pointed out that the Soviet Union had been invaded via neighbouring countries that were unsympathetic to the Soviet Union. Thus, it did not entail a massive leap in logic to surmise that one of Stalins primary aims was to ensure that all neighbouring states were at the very least pro- Moscow. Perhaps the single largest issue to emerge in the immediate post war years was the status of the defeated Germany. In 1946 Germany was administered by the four victorious allies i.e. the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and France (still, smarting over having been left out of the Great Power conferences). The German capital Berlin was similarly divided into four zones. At the outset neither side had any firm or concrete plans for the future of Germany apart from a desire for some form of reparations by the Soviet Union and on the Anglo/ American side a deep desire to avoid the re- creation of the mistake many believed had been made with The Treaty of Versailles i.e. being too punitive in relation to reparations and development in Germany These views although divergent to some degree, need not have been axiomatically opposed. Indeed, at this stage the idea of a united Germany was one that found favour in London. Moscow and Washington, with Paris being the only one to harbour doubts, mainly for internal political reasons. Truman, however increasingly frustrated at what he saw as Soviet obduracy and deception enunciated his feelings in what came to be known as the Trumann Doctrine in March 1947 before Congress in a debate on allocating funds to Greece and Turkey. Essentially this doctrine divided the world into free and enslaved/ enslaver peoples and committed the US to act in the defence of any so called free people being threatened by armed minorities or outside pressures. Stalin (correctly) saw that Truman meant communist when referring to armed minorities etc. He immediately reasoned the Truman Doctrine as a threat to Soviet interests and the Cold War was now off and running, in earnest. The announcement of the new US policy was actually precipitated by the relative decline of the UK in power and influence, and the ravages of the terrible winter of 1947 in Europe. At the time of Trumans speech the main purpose was to secure funds for the anti communist side in the Greek civil war. The UK had been pushed to the brink by the efforts required to sustain the Second World War; and was virtually bankrupt. Most European countries were in a similar if not worse position, if action was not taken to rectify the financial and economic situation as a matter of extreme urgency, it was soon apparent that Western Europe may not require the massed Red Army tanks in order to sharply turn to the left. The solution proposed by the US was at once remarkable and even viewed through the lens of over fifty years extremely generous, if not carried out for reasons of pure philanthropy. The US Secretary of State George Marshall proposed a plan, which would bear his name. The Marshall Plan was formally unveiled in a speech by Marshall at Harvard University on the 5th June 1947, in which a broad outline of an economic aid plan to Europe was outlined. A meeting was held in Paris to take the idea forward, at this stage the Soviet Union was seriously interested in the Marshall Plan. The thing that stuck in the throat of Stalin and his foreign minister Molotov was the idea of common planning and the notion of the Soviet economy being examined by British and American economists. The Soviet Union declined to take any further part in the Marshall Plan. The boundaries of capitalism and communism were now set and would remain so for the next 50 years. The Soviet rejection of the Marshall Plan could not have come as any shock in the West; indeed it may have been exactly what the Anglo- Americans for one were aiming for all along. Europe was now divided between the recipients of American largesse in the west and those countries by dint of their closeness to the Soviet Union who were unwilling, or perhaps unable to accept such American aid. In order to respond to recent events the Soviet Union convened the Communist Information Bureau, known as Cominform in Szklarska Poreba in Poland, which composed of representatives of the communist parties of the Soviet Union, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, France, Italy, and Yugoslavia.The Cominform launched an ideological attack on the Marshall Plan and the Trumann Doctrine. It however was at pains to point out that despite the ideological differences the Soviet Union was perfectly happy to co- exist with capitalism for an unidentifiably long period; after which orthodox Marxist theory predicted the collapse of capitalism due to one or other of the many in built tensions that existed within that system. The desire for both systems to co-exist did not preclude the enlistment of the French and Italian trades unions in an effort to derail the Marshall Plan. The strikes failed in large measure due to the arrival of American food aid in Western Europe. The US for the fist time began to run covert Central Intelligence Agency covert operations within Italy; in an attempt to ensure that the Italian Communists did not succeed in winning the Italian General election. This was done by a series of direct and indirect public pronouncements on the consequences for American aid in the event of a communist victory, together with what was to become the familiar pattern of CIA covert operations i.e. black propaganda, secret payments to non- communist political parties, and special training and equipment for the armed forces. Stalins reaction was characterised by its lack of insight and success in uniting the anti communist political forces in Western Europe. The failure of communist led strikes in Italy and France. In the increasingly heavy-handed approach to the political situation in Eastern Europe alienated many in the left in Europe. The situation in Czechoslovakia where firstly the Czech Foreign Minister had an unfortunate fall from his Foreign Ministry window: swiftly followed by a communist coup in that country severely undermined Soviet credibility in the minds of the Western public. A further crisis developed within the Cominform itself when Stalin tried to exert pressure on the Yugoslav Communist Party to expel its leader Marshall Tito. Tito however retained the confidence of the Yugoslav Communist Party, and far from being feeling himself by Stalins overtures actually began to negotiate for US aid, an act that resulted in Yugoslavias expulsion from the Cominform in 1948. The internecine squabble between Stalin and Tito, had the effect of reducing even further the goodwill of the public towards the Soviet Union within both the US and Europe. Stalin further raised the tension in Europe by paralysing the Allied Control Commission by withdrawing his representative Marshall Sokolovsky. The three other control powers proceeded to treat each of their occupation zones of Germany and of Berlin itself as effectively one unit. In addition plans had been laid for the introduction of the Deutschmark, which was duly introduced in the British, American and French sectors of Germany as well as in the zones controlled by theses three countries of Berlin on the 23rd June 1948. The Soviet response was to immediately begin a blockade of Berlin. For the first time since the cessation of hostilities their existed the very real fear that war could break out. In order to beat the Soviet blockade the Western Allies decided to mount an airlift in order to supply food and other essentials to West Berlin. The Berlin Airlift lasted for eleven months and managed to supply adequate food and fuel for two million Berliners. Despite some calls for the forcing of a passage into West Berlin by tanks, cooler council prevailed .The Soviet rationale for the blockade was simply to prevent the Western Powers proceeding down the road with their plans for a separate West German state: whatever the Soviet intention it was once again based on misjudgement and a miscalculation, and succeeded only in pushing forward the establishment of a West German state. Realising eventually that the only choices open to him was to relent or face fighting a war against a US led alliance armed with nuclear weapons, Stalin abandoned the Berlin Blockade on the 11th May 1949. The consequence of this crisis was the establishment of the very thing Stalin had started the blockade to prevent i.e. the formation of the Federal Republic of Germany on the 20th of September 1949. Following, the rather predictable tit for tat response that was to become the trademark of the cold war, the creation of the German Democratic Republic was announced to the world on the 7th October 1949. The Berlin Blockade and the splitting of Germany succeeded in raising fears within Western Europe to such an extent that there was intense pressure for a formal alliance, which would tie the US into the defence of Western Europe. As a result the North Atlantic Treaty organisation came into being in 1949. The division of Europe was now formalised, and complete along ideological lines. The focus of attention would now turn east, where Mao Tse Tungs communists were in the process of achieving the final defeat of the nationalist Kuomintang forces under Chiang Kai- shek. Conservative opinion in the United States was outraged at this development; accusing Trumanns administration of selling out American interests in the region and failing to provide adequate support to the Kuomintang forces in the Chinese Civil War. This was to be a running sore in the side of the right in America, who viewed it as the sign of communist aggression worldwide. It would act as the impetus for the McCarthy Period, so called because of the committee called The House Committee on Un- American Activities, which would be headlined by Senator Joseph McCarthys purges on alleged communists. McCarthy aided and abetted by future President Nixon unleashed a series of show trials which uncannily mirrored those of Stalin in the 1930s, albeit with considerably less gruesome results Nonetheless, the hearings of this committee changed the atmosphere in the US to such an extent that political liberals, trades unionists and effectively anyone who dared challenge McCarthys orthodoxy was subject to harassment, intimidation and exclusion from employment. The atmosphere endangered by Nixon and McCarthy would help to polarise opinion in America during the late 1940s and well into the 1950s. Against, this backdrop the forces of North Korea backed by Moscow, albeit with some reluctance crossed the 38th Parallel, to invade the western backed South. The attack was repulsed and the forces under the command of wartime hero Douglas Macarthur, after a series of battles advanced towards the Yalu River and Koreas border with China. Seeing this as a provocation China became involved in the war. This brought the world once more to the brink of nuclear conflict, as Macarthur rather injudiciously ruminated about the possibility of using nuclear weapons against China. Fortunately, Trumann declined; the war eventually ending in stalemate with both sides having to be content with the pre-war boundary of the 38th Parallel. The start of the Korean War signalled the end of the development of the cold war, and ushered in the political conditions that would shape the map of the world for the next fifty years nearly. However was the Cold War the inevitable outcome of the situation that arose at the end of World War Two? What is obvious from studying the records of the period is that neither side considered war inevitable, far less desirable. Instead the emergence of the Cold War owed more to serendipity than careful planning and desire by either side. The Cold War began in Europe, as that was where both sides met each other over the ruins of the Third Reich. The Americans with some initial distaste took up where her enfeebled Western Allies left off in South East Asia and the Pacific. The Soviet Union by dint of its support for Marxist regimes found itself being dragged along on the coattails of Maos revolutionary China. Once underway the cold war developed a momentum of its own and its logic embedded itself in the mindset of policymakers in Washington and Moscow. At every turn either superpower would see the nefarious hand of the other behind every event: more often than not erroneously. It is tempting to imagine what the outcome would have been had President Roosevelt not died in 1945. In order to avoid the Cold War the situation needed thought that was imaginative and could see things in a way that was novel. Unfortunately for the world no one emerged in either side of the Iron Curtain with the necessary breadth of vision. Stalin was undeniably a tyrant, and it would have been unlikely that a Soviet Union led by him would have been able to reach a long-term rapprochement with the West. However, the great mistake made by the West was in assuming that the monolithic state espoused by Stalin was truly representative of the Communist Part of the Soviet Union. Indeed Stalin was unique and by tarring his sucessors with the same brush the West was unable to change its perception when a new and potentially more accomadating power took charge in the Kremlin. The Soviet Union for its part made error of judgement so vast as to be inexcusable. Perhaps the greatest of which was its failure to join the Marshall Plan. That and the desire to supplant any form of independent government in Eater Europe, proved in the long term to harbour the seeds of the systems eventual destruction. If more thoughtful council had prevailed, on both sides then perhaps the next fifty years could have been entirely changed. Instead the only real winners of the cold war were the industrial- military complexes as Eisenhower was to term it on both sides, although in the long term only that of the West proved to have the longevity to be called by some the winner.